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Hayti and Urban Renewal in Durham

Overview

This teaching module looks at the history of Hayti, a historically Black neighborhood in Durham, focusing on the mid-twentieth century urban renewal project which was promoted as a benefit to the neighborhood but displaced many residents and Black-owned businesses. Students will use a range of primary sources to understand the perspectives of residents, government officials, and other local stakeholders, and work together to begin to put together a history of Hayti. 

Learning Objectives

  • Examine and analyze a variety of primary sources, including oral histories, government documents, newspaper articles, maps, and ephemera.
  • Evaluate and synthesize different, and at times conflicting, accounts in order to construct a historical narrative.
  • Understand more about the history of Hayti, connecting students to the larger Durham community.

Timing

This lesson can be taught synchronously in a 75-minute class session, or adapted for asynchronous learning. Students can complete this activity in class, in Zoom breakout rooms, or using Sakai discussion forums, depending on the format of the class.

Session Outline

This activity is designed to work with five groups of four students, but can be adapted depending on class size. If your class is large, more than one group can work with a set – each group will bring different perspectives to the sources.

  1. Students are split up into small groups and each group is assigned a different set of documents to examine.
  2. Within their groups, students will divide up the sources in their set and will each answer the individual analysis questions about one of the documents. 
  3. After they’ve had a chance to read and analyze their documents on their own, the students work with their group to share their sources and respond to the group analysis questions. 
  4. Finally, each group will share their discoveries with the whole class.

Suggested Readings

Students should have a basic familiarity with Hayti to give them the context they need to begin to analyze their primary sources. One of these can be assigned ahead of time:

Suggested Follow-Up Assignment

Have students select 5 documents from the material used in this module to create a small exhibit about the history of Hayti. Students will likely need to conduct additional secondary research, using either the suggested readings listed above or sources they find on their own. As part of their exhibit, students should prepare a brief introductory text to as well as exhibit labels for each of the sources they choose, providing contextual information to help a general audience understand the history of Hayti. Students should also write a curator’s reflection paper, explaining their process and analyzing the choices they made about what sources and what information they included or did not in their exhibit.

Bibliography

View and download all of the sources used in this module.


Sources for Group 1

  1. “Smoke Comes from Fire.” Carolina Times (Durham, NC), June 18, 1977, 4. https://www.digitalnc.org/newspapers/carolina-times-durham-nc/
  2.  Nathaniel B. White, interviewed by Paul Ortiz, February 17, 1995. Behind the Veil: Documenting African-American Life in the Jim Crow South Digital Collection, John Hope Franklin Research Center, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r46d5ts06
  3. Redevelopment Commission of the City of Durham. “Types of Proposed Renewal Actions” in Final Project Report (First Draft), N.C. R-17 : Project 2 : Hayti-Elizabeth Street Urban Renewal Area, Durham, North Carolina. Durham, NC: Redevelopment Commission of the City of Durham, 1962, [33-35].  David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University. https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4154j787
  4. Durham (N.C.) Planning Department. “Urban Renewal” in Outlook for Durham, 29-32. Durham, NC: City Planning Dept., 1957. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.


Sources for Group 2

  1. “Urban Renewal: Farce of Reality.” Carolina Times (Durham, NC), September 25, 1965. https://www.digitalnc.org/newspapers/carolina-times-durham-nc/
  2. Correspondence between Rencher N. Harris and Virginia O’Daniel, 1963. Rencher N. Harris Papers, Box 11, Redevelopment Commission of Durham. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University. https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4m61g504
  3. Redevelopment Commission of the City of Durham. “Relocation of Displaced Families” in Final Project Report (First Draft), N.C. R-17 : Project 2: Hayti-Elizabeth Street Urban Renewal Area, Durham, North Carolina. Durham, N.C.: Redevelopment Commission of the City of Durham, 1962.  David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University. https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4154j787
  4. You and Urban Renewal. Chapel Hill, N.C.: City Planning and Architectural Associates.  Asa and Elna Spaulding Papers, Box AS-15, Urban Renewal, Folder 2. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.


Sources for Group 3

  1. Selected church fans, circa 1900-1950. Saint Joseph's A.M.E. Church (Durham, N.C.). Church Fan Collection. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
  2. Barbour, Charles. “Urban Renewal, Foe of Blight, Deterioration,” Durham Morning Herald, September 2, 1962. Durham Urban Renewal Clippings, Volume 1. Durham County Library. https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/102605
  3. Redevelopment Commission of the City of Durham. Structural/Environmental Condition. [map]. In: Redevelopment Commission of the City of Durham. Hayti-Elizabeth Street Renewal Area: General Neighborhood Renewal Plan : Project no. N.C. R-7 (GN).  [Durham, NC] : [Durham Redevelopment Commission], [1960?], map 1, p. 4.  David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University. https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4fq9tq9f
  4. Shannon, Russ. “Dr. Jensen, Sociologist, Shows Durham ‘Cauldron’.” Duke Chronicle (Durham, NC), April 13, 1960. University Archives, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University. https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4m61g504


Sources for Group 4

  1. Durham (N.C.). Department of Public Works. Durham, North Carolina [map]. [Durham, NC]: Dept. of Public Works, 1937. Perkins Library, Duke University. https://digitaldurham.duke.edu/hueism.php?x=map&id=561
  2. Poole, J.R. “Art and Literature in Hayti,” Trinity Archive, November 1898, 94-106. University Archives, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/dul1.ark:/13960/t3806592f
  3. Quick, Oliver B. Milestones Along the Color Line: A Souvenir of Durham, N.C., Showing the Progress of a Race. Durham, NC: O.B. Quick, 1922. David M. Rubenstein Rare Books & Manuscript Library, Duke University. https://archive.org/details/milestonesalongc00quic
  4. “Survey Shows Hayti Area has Most Extensive Blight.” Durham Morning Herald. October 20, 1959. Asa and Elna Spaulding Papers, Box AS-15, Urban Renewal, Folder 2. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.


Sources for Group 5

  1. Concerning Durham’s Urban Renewal Program.  [Durham, NC]: [Durham Redevelopment Commission], [1960?]. Durham Urban Renewal Records, Brochures and Booklets. Durham County Library. https://lib.digitalnc.org/record/104453
  2. Foster, Harold. “Relic of Bygone Era Reduced to Rubble by Urban Renewal.” Carolina Times (Durham, NC), August 3, 1963. https://www.digitalnc.org/newspapers/carolina-times-durham-nc/
  3. Letters from J.H. Wheeler to Asa Spaulding and Asa Spaulding to Val Washington, October 1959. Asa and Elna Spaulding Papers, Box AS-15, Urban Renewal, Folder 1. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.
  4. Robinson O. Everett interviewed by Brandon Winford, February 29, 2008, Interview no. U-0285, in the Southern Oral History Program Collection #4007, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. https://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/sohp/id/8354