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WRITING 230K: Writing Performance across Cultures: Citing Sources

Research guide for Nan Mullenneaux's DKU Course, fall 2016

What Needs to be Cited?

  • Exact wording taken from any source, including freely available websites
  • Paraphrases of passages
  • Another person's  idea
  • Use of another student's work
  • Use of your own previous work

You do not need to cite common knowledge.

Chicago Citation Style Guidelines

How to cite in Chicago Author-Date citation style:

Example: Reference for Online Article in Chicago Style

Journal Article

For more information see: Chicago Manual of Style, 15.9, 15.46

Format

Author Last Name, First Name. Year "Article Title." Journal Title Volume (Issue): Page Range of Article. doi: Digital Object Identifier.

For electronic journal articles, if a DOI is not available, replace the DOI portion of the reference with the URL.

Examples

Hunter, Margaret. 2016. "Colorism in the Classroom: How Skin Tone Stratifies African American and Latina/o Students." Theory into Practice 55 (1): 54-61. doi: 10.1080/00405841.2016.1119019.

Thompson, Maxine S., and Verna M. Keith. 2001. "The Blacker the Berry: Gender, Skin Tone, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy." Gender and Society 15 (3): 336-57. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3081888.

In-Text Citations

Basic structure of an in-text citation in Chicago Style

An in-text citation usually appears in parentheses and includes only the author's name and the year of publication, with no punctuation between them. If you have a direct quote, add a comma followed by the page number.

  • One author: enclose the author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses with no intervening punctuation.
    (Smith 2016)
  • Two to three authors: include the last names of authors using commas and and
    (Smith, Lee, and Alvarez 2016)
  • Four or more authors, include the last name of the first author and et al.
    (Smith et al. 2016)

Citation Example

The Digest of Education Statistics forecasts that, during the next decade, the number of ethnic minority teachers will shrink to 5 percent, while the enrollment of ethnic minority children in America's schools will grow to 41 percent. As classrooms across the country become increasingly diverse, determining how to connect in significant ways across multiple lines of difference may be the greatest challenge facing teachers today. Teachers in new century schools must meet this challenge and find ways to forge meaningful relationships with students who come from different worlds, while also helping these students develop academic skills and the skills needed to become critical citizens in a multicultural democracy.

How would you create an in-text citation for this quote?

"As classrooms across the country become increasingly diverse, determining how to connect in significant ways across multiple lines of difference may be the greatest challenge facing teachers today."

How would you create an in-text citation for this paraphrased idea?

Teachers in schools that have a high number of minority children will need to develop strong relationships with them as they develop their students' academic skills and help them become citizens who think critically.

Citation Tools

Citation tools allow you to save and organize your research. They also let you create formatted bibliographies.

Zotero

Downloadable as a standalone program or a Firefox extension, Zotero is designed to store content in any format, including PDFs, images, audio and video files, and snapshots of web pages. Zotero operates with thousands of sites, and automatically indexes your library for ease of access.

Downloadable as a standalone program from OIT, EndNote is a powerful citation tool for organizing your research and creating formatted citations. In addition to the standalone option, you can create an EndNote Web account.